An Overview of Lung Cancer Surgery: Types and What to Expect

Lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, and surgery is often a primary treatment option, especially for early-stage cases. Understanding the different types of lung cancer surgeries, as well as what to expect before, during, and after surgery, can help patients and their families feel more prepared. Here’s an overview of the common types of lung cancer surgery and a guide to navigating the surgical experience.

Types of Lung Cancer Surgery

The choice of surgery depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, the tumor’s location, the patient’s overall health, and the desired outcome. Here are the main types of lung cancer surgeries:

1. Lobectomy
   • What It Is: A lobectomy is the removal of an entire lobe of the lung. The lungs are divided into lobes—three on the right and two on the left.
   • When It’s Used: This is the most common type of lung cancer surgery, typically used when the cancer is localized to one lobe. It provides the best chance of removing all cancer cells while leaving enough lung tissue to function well.
   • Benefits: Lobectomy is associated with high success rates in early-stage lung cancer, as it ensures that both the tumor and surrounding tissues (where cancer might spread) are removed.
2. Pneumonectomy
   • What It Is: A pneumonectomy involves removing an entire lung.
   • When It’s Used: This more extensive surgery is generally reserved for cases where the cancer is centrally located and affects a large portion of the lung.
   • Benefits and Risks: While it can be effective for treating larger cancers, pneumonectomy is a major surgery with a longer recovery period, as the body has to adjust to functioning with only one lung.
3. Wedge Resection (or Segmentectomy)
   • What It Is: This procedure removes only a small section or “wedge” of the lung that contains the cancer, along with a margin of healthy tissue.
   • When It’s Used: Wedge resections are typically reserved for smaller, early-stage tumors or for patients who may not tolerate more extensive surgery due to other health concerns.
   • Benefits: This approach preserves more lung tissue, making it ideal for patients with compromised lung function. However, there may be a slightly higher risk of recurrence compared to lobectomy.
4. Sleeve Resection
   • What It Is: A sleeve resection involves removing part of a bronchus (airway) or a lobe and reconnecting the remaining parts.
   • When It’s Used: This surgery is often an option when the cancer is located near the lung’s main airways.
   • Benefits: Sleeve resection allows for cancer removal without removing an entire lung, making it a less invasive option than a pneumonectomy.
5. Minimally Invasive Techniques (VATS and Robotic Surgery)
   • What They Are: Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) and robotic-assisted surgery are minimally invasive approaches that use small incisions and a camera to guide the surgeon.
   • When They’re Used: Minimally invasive techniques can be used for many types of lung surgeries, including lobectomies and wedge resections.
   • Benefits: These approaches often result in less post-operative pain, a shorter hospital stay, and a faster recovery. However, they require specialized training and equipment.

What to Expect Before Surgery

1. Preoperative Evaluation
   • Before surgery, patients undergo a thorough evaluation, which may include imaging tests (like CT or PET scans), pulmonary function tests, blood work, and sometimes a biopsy to confirm the cancer type and stage.
2. Preparation
   • Patients may need to stop certain medications, quit smoking if applicable, and work on breathing exercises to help with post-surgery recovery. Dietary adjustments and lifestyle changes are also recommended to strengthen the body before surgery.
3. Meet the Surgical Team
   • The surgical team usually includes a thoracic surgeon, anesthesiologist, nurses, and respiratory therapists. They will discuss the surgical plan, anesthesia options, and answer any questions.

What to Expect During Surgery

Lung cancer surgeries are typically performed under general anesthesia. The length of the surgery depends on the type of procedure, ranging from a few hours for a lobectomy to longer for more extensive surgeries like pneumonectomy. Minimally invasive surgeries may take a bit less time and often have a faster recovery period.

What to Expect After Surgery

1. Recovery in the Hospital
   • After surgery, patients are taken to the recovery room and then to a specialized unit where their breathing and vital signs are monitored. Pain management is a priority, with various options available depending on the patient’s needs.
   • Patients are often encouraged to move and do breathing exercises soon after surgery to help prevent complications like pneumonia.
2. At-Home Recovery
   • The at-home recovery period varies, typically lasting a few weeks for minimally invasive procedures and longer for open surgeries. During this time, patients may experience fatigue and soreness. Breathing exercises, gentle physical activity, and a balanced diet can aid in recovery.
3. Follow-Up Care
   • Regular follow-up appointments are essential to monitor healing and lung function. Imaging scans may be conducted to ensure there are no signs of recurrence. Patients are often connected with physical therapists or pulmonary rehabilitation specialists for ongoing support.

Risks and Benefits of Lung Cancer Surgery

While lung cancer surgery offers significant benefits, including the potential for a cure in early-stage cases, it also comes with risks, such as infection, bleeding, or complications with lung function. However, advances in surgical techniques have greatly reduced these risks, especially with the adoption of minimally invasive approaches like VATS and robotic surgery.

Final Thoughts

Lung cancer surgery is a life-changing procedure with the potential to dramatically improve a patient’s quality of life. By understanding the types of surgeries and what to expect, patients and their families can feel empowered and prepared throughout the treatment journey. A thoracic surgeon is the best source of guidance, helping patients select the most suitable surgical option based on their specific needs and health status.

For those facing lung cancer, surgery is often a powerful tool in the fight, offering hope for remission and a path toward a healthier future.

Contact Mr. Marco Scarci’s office today to learn more about lung cancer surgery, ask questions, and receive guidance tailored to your loved one’s needs. Remember, you are not alone in this journey—support is available to help you and your family navigate the challenges ahead.