Marco Scarci - Expert Thoracic Surgeon in London
Marco Scarci - Expert Thoracic Surgeon in London

Pneumothorax

Pneumothorax: Types, Causes and Treatment

Pneumothorax, commonly known as a collapsed lung, occurs when air accumulates in the pleural space between the lung and the chest wall. This buildup of air prevents the lung from fully expanding, leading to breathing difficulties and chest pain. Pneumothorax can develop spontaneously, due to injury, or as a complication of underlying lung disease.

  • Spontaneous Pneumothorax
  • Traumatic Pneumothorax
  • Tension Pneumothorax
  • Spontaneous rupture of lung blebs (common in tall, thin individuals or smokers)
  • Blunt or penetrating chest trauma (e.g., rib fractures, stab wounds, gunshot injuries)
  • Lung diseases (COPD, tuberculosis, pneumonia, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis)
  • Medical procedures (e.g., mechanical ventilation, thoracentesis, lung surgery)
  • Smoking (increases risk by damaging lung structure)
  • Genetic predisposition (some people are born with lung blebs that can rupture)
  • Observation & Oxygen Therapy – Small pneumothoraces may resolve on their own with monitoring and oxygen support.
  • Needle Aspiration – A fine needle or catheter removes trapped air, allowing lung re-expansion.
  • Chest Tube Insertion (Thoracostomy) – A tube is placed in the pleural space to continuously drain air in larger or tension pneumothorax cases.
  • Pleurodesis – A chemical or mechanical procedure to adhere the lung to the chest wall, preventing recurrence.
  • Surgical Treatment (VATS or Thoracotomy) – Minimally invasive or open surgery to remove lung blebs and seal air leaks in recurrent or severe cases.